Madame Butterfly

Ali Appelbaum WGST 199-01 Professor Uman March 16, 2008 Society puts a strong focus on individuals who experience the act of cross-dressing to create an identity for themselves. The act of cross-dressing helps a person to feel comfortable with themselves because they are able to gain a sense of independence, confidence, and individuality. In the play M. Butterfly, by David Henry Hwang, constructing an identity is made through the character Song. By looking at Song’s appearance in M. Butterfly, we can see that clothing and disguise constructs an identity. The play, M. Butterfly uses the character Song to show the audience how cross-dressing is common, and can make one’s personality. Song cross-dresses from an Asian male, to an Asian female. Throughout the play Song plays the role of a female but expresses herself in a more confident, and independent way as an Asian female. This is because Song has had a gender cross to a women, she is able to demonstrate these qualities in her new identity she has formed. M. Butterfly is about a French diplomat, Gallimard and his love attraction for Song. Gallimard feels as though he’s never been in love, and has a hard time relating to women, until Song comes along. Song, playing the romantic role of Gallimard’s lover takes charge without Gallimard realizing a male was really wooing him the whole time. Song possesses traits of a female, which gives her confidence to pursue her relationship with Gallimard until he’s fallen in love. In the end, Song reveals herself for the man she is, but continues to act with more confidence and independence as a woman than as a man. In the play, you can see that disguise constructs an identity through the character Song. During a scene, Gallimard comments on Song’s feminine appearance and the other women he see’s in China. Song responds to Gallimard, â€Å"Please. Hard as I try to be modern, to speak like a man, to hold a Western woman’s strong face up to my own†¦ in the end, I fail. A small, frightened heart beats too quickly and gives me away. Monsieur Gallimard, I’m a Chinese girl. I’ve never†¦ never invited a man up to my flat before. The forwardness of my actions makes my skin burn† (1. 11 Hwang). This quotes shows that Song posses traits as a female and is proud. Although Song is a male, he has built himself a female identity from disguise. Confidence is expressed in Song’s remarks by telling in conversation how she believes she is more knowledgeable than Gallimard. Song also makes sure notice is taken of her delicate and pretty appearance. Song remarks back to Gallimard, â€Å"Your history serves you poorly, Monsieur Gallimard. True, there were signs reading â€Å"No dogs and Chinamen. But a woman, especially a delicate Oriental woman—we always go where we please. Could you imagine it otherwise? Clubs in China filled with pasty, big-thighed white women, while thousands of slender lotus blossoms wait just outside the door? The clubs would be empty. We have always held a certain fascination for you Caucasian men, have we not? (2. 4 Hwang). Song has shown to her audience that she has a strong confidence about the female body and face. She explains to Gallimard that her new identity, a delicate Oriental woman, is always welcomed in society. Song also feels a sense of power because although she is a man working for the Chinese government, she feels comfortable in her feminine identity. A conversation between Song and her advisor Comrade Chin demonstrates how Song has created has created an identity for herself in disguise. When Song is in quarters where she can act like man, she still acts in a feminine order, rather than a masculine tone. Chin asks Song, â€Å"†¦Is that home come you dress like that? † (2. 4 Hwang). Song responds by saying, â€Å"Like what, Miss Chin? † (2. Hwang). Chin remarks with what he believes is reality by saying, â€Å"Like that dress! You’re wearing a dress. And every time I come here, you’re wearing a dress. Is that because you’re an actor? Or what? † (2. 4 Hwang). Song reveals her identity by saying, â€Å"It’s a†¦ disguise, Miss Chin† (2. 4 Hwang). This conversation between Comrade Chin and Song shows the audience that Song is aware of the fact that she is a male, but possesses more of an interest in the feminine personality and ways of life because she is more confident.

Drover’s Wife Reflection Essay

The Drover’s Wife, whose writer is Henry Lawson, portrays a bushwoman who was left to live in a small house with four children and one snake-dog while her husband was away droving. One day, when a snake entered the house, her house-dog, her son, Tommy, and she tried to kill it, but it disappeared into the cracks. While sitting, sewing and watching for the snake all night, she thought of her past hard times such as droughts, floods, bulls, drunken man and swagman. Finally, when dawn approached, the snake came out; it was killed and burnt. The drover’s wife is the character whom I am interested in the most due to a few reasons. Firstly, she is a responsible wife and a protective mother; for instance, to maintain the properties her husband had earned for years, she struggled to dig an overflow gutter in a rainstorm, which was too hard for a woman. Also, she protected her children from danger by spending all night guarding them carefully. Lastly, she is brave; despite risks, she went into the flames just to save her baby. I think if other people face this situation, they might do nothing besides weeping. After reading this story, I have gained an important experience which is that woman, herself, has to be independent and responsible because living in society is complicated as she might encounter many difficulties and cannot always depend on other people or men. As can be seen, although the bonny drover’s wife was left with four children and had to deal with the hardships of life, she independently strived to protect herself and children and overcame each challenge. Although the story is short, it has captured almost all my attention and has provided many useful tips for livings; thus, I would strongly encourage my friends to read it in order to let them perceive the precious experiences and develop their personal growth.

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 28

Personal Statement Example I could tell that marketing to me was one of the most fulfilling topics I had ever covered while studying my degree in Management. The course work was as interesting as the practical work which mostly entailed presentations and research work as directed by my professor. To be honest, I found the practical work much easier to do, with especially my research assignments in the marketing topic proving to be one of the most interesting and memorable tasks I have completed to date. I especially enjoyed making field observations and presenting field data in the market research segment for the marketing classes. In all honesty, this is a field that caught my heart, despite being a regretfully small part of my degree in management. As earlier mentioned, I have studied primarily in management, and my specialty is in the banking area. I graduated with a management degree in June 2014 from the Qafqaz University in Azerbaijan. I was top of my Faculty (Management) accumulating a final GPA of 95.04. This followed a string of exemplary academic performances that saw me receive numerous recognition awards from the Dean of the Faculty and the University Rector as well. However, it is the marketing subject that remains a memorable part of my studies in management. I found myself more inclined to all marketing related subjects than all other areas of my undergraduate studies, with a special liking and interest in advertising. I feel that it is the creativity that this subject demands which makes me so attracted to it. I believe that I am well equipped to prosper in the marketing field, especially considering a few of my related strengths and passions. I am a team leader by nature and for this, I have found to thrive well in teamwork arrangements. From my experience at the University, I performed the best while studying in team works, deriving immeasurable satisfaction and joy from

Economic growth Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economic growth - Assignment Example Viele Accounting. Pg 224-225, Question p6 a) Truck 28200 Notes Payable 28200 b) Truck 28200 Capital lease liability (4.6229 * 6100) 28200 Depreciation Expense 4700 Accumulated Depreciation 4700 c) Interest Expense 2256 Capital Lease Liability 3844 Cash 6100 d) The expenses for the first year are Interest Expense and Depreciation = 2256 + 4700 = $6956 Somers and Seville. Exploration 8. Chapter 6 pg 118. a) 67.38 is the population in our base year 1980. We are considering the growth rate from this year which is around 102% or 1.206. This shows the rate of increase in population each year from 1980. b) 67.38. (1.206)^10 = 438.53 Million. McConnell and Brue pg 151. Chapter 8. Study Question 1 and 2. Real GDP growth Rate = (31200-30000)/30000 * 100 = 4% GDP per Capita in year 1 = 30000/100 = 300 GDP Per Capital in year 2 = 31200/102 = 305.9 GDP per capita growth = (305.9-300)/300 = 1.96% Economic growth is a measure of the increase in the productive potential of a country. It is important because it reduces or lessens the problem of scarcity. Since it helps the economy to produce more, more goods are produced and everyone has more goods for consumption and as a result, living standard in the economy increases. This is why economists rate economic growth as a matter of great importance. We can use the 70 rule to determine the effect of the difference between 2.5 and 3 percent of economic growth over few decades. If an economy is growing at 2.5%, the economic growth or total output will double from the current level in 70/2.5= 28 years.

This is a summary & learning process that I attended last friday Essay

This is a summary & learning process that I attended last friday - Essay Example He is one of the tops 25 consultants in the world. At last Friday seminar, he emphasized that Informational Technology is extremely important in today’s business, he also advised to use IT with the real world, and revealed the negative sides of IT. Today, IT has become one of the crucial elements in the society. Dr Schroth explained that every single aspect of human’s life now is related with technology. Health, office, transportation, hospitality, lodging, foods, and other aspects will be organized better if corporations apply IT in managing business activities. For example, top oil company Shell spends $8 billion for technology budget. They understand that a better system of technology will assist their business in more effective ways. So they don’t have any hesitation to invest a big amount of money in technology because it’s a primary need for them. In addition, the groceries industry also makes big investments in technology; it happens because the technology helps to track their products location for shipping from one place to another. That is why technology is very important today. Since technology is one of the important elements in today’s world, small changes in IT could make big differences in how the companies behave, and can transform business procedures in the companies. It is because when the new technology comes out usually they update a new system. This requires a new technique, learning process, and procedures to operate the new technology in right order. So, the new system will assist the workers better. Technology makes society keep updated with the new changes. The fact that people try to keep updated brings negative effects to the society. The propaganda of the typical businessman at website changes the way people behave. People know the trend, the appearances, styles, and working. People are more likely to be like a robot in future because all of them have the same behaviors. Furthermore, social networking brings a bias,

The death Penalty versus Life Without Parole Research Paper

The death Penalty versus Life Without Parole - Research Paper Example 1. Development of capital punishment & life without Parole: Capital punishment or death sentence developed in United States â€Å"as society searched for more humane ways for killing its condemned† & as a substitute of the brutal ways that the society used throughout history to punish the offenders of society (Hess and Orthman 534). It evolved gradually with the â€Å"first electrocution in 1890, the invention of the gas chamber in 1923, the use of a firing squad and the adoption of lethal injections in 1977† (Hess and Orthman 534). Till 2005 â€Å"38 states and the federal government had laws authorizing capital punishment† whereas the minimum age for capital punishment set by 18 states & the federal government following the court’s ruling in Ropper v. Simmons(2005) was 18 (Hess and Orthman 534). Life imprisonment without parole developed in U.S. as a means to portray that the punitive statutory law was strict. As of 1996, 12 states with capital punishmen t had no life without Parole option, 20 six states of U.S. ... Table 1 Life without Parole (LWP) and capital punishment (CP) 1996, of United States (Adapted): States LWP CP State LWP CP Alabama Yes Yes Montana Yes Yes Alaska No No Nebraska Yes Yes Arizona No Yes Nevada Yes Yes Arkansas Yes Yes New Hampshire Yes Yes California Yes Yes New Jersey Yes Yes Colorado No Yes New Mexico No Yes Connecticut Yes Yes New York No Yes States LWP CP State LWP CP Delaware Yes Yes N. Carolina No Yes Florida Yes Yes North Dakota No No Georgia Yes Yes Ohio No Yes Hawaii Yes No Oklahoma Yes Yes Idaho Yes Yes Oregon Yes Yes Illinois Yes Yes Pennsylvania Yes Yes Indiana No Yes Rhode Island Yes No Iowa Yes No S. Carolina Yes Yes Kansus No Yes South Dakota Yes Yes Kentucky No Yes Tennessee No Yes Lousiana Yes Yes Texas No Yes Maine Yes No Utah Yes Yes Source: Keith D. Harries, and Deral Cheatwood, The geography of execution: the capital punishment quagmire in America.(Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997) 110. Print. In the table 1, it can be seen that 34 states out of 38 states accept capital punishment as a means of punishment to its offenders that is 89% (Approx.) of the total no of states. Whereas, in case of life imprisonment without Parole 25 states out of 38 states accept it as a means of punishment, thus amounting to 67% (Approx.) of the total no. of states. Hence, it can be noted that capital punishment had greater acceptance as a means of punishment in comparison to life imprisonment without parole. 3. Differentiation between capital punishment & life imprisonment without parole, as a means of punishment: In case of capital punishment the prisoner is permanently incapacitated from doing any harm to the society, whereas life imprisonment without Parole does not prevent the offenders from harming the inmates of the prison &

The Feasibility of Different Techniques for Providing Fresh Water to Assignment

The Feasibility of Different Techniques for Providing Fresh Water to Arid Regions of the World - Assignment Example As the essay declares a Water Program for African Arid & Water Scarce zones has been launched by the Italian ministry for Environment & Territory that aims at developing potential water resources management to protect water regions’ fragile environment. Deteriorating qualities caused by hydrological challenges are threatening fresh water resources available within such areas. Frequently, accessible water within arid regions is limited to ground water. Following short duration as well as high intensity rainfall events, surface inflows are frequently restricted to flashfloods. According to the report findings water, like other resources, happens to be at the edge of diminishing, more specifically within world’s arid regions. Within the near future, individuals living in arid regions are going to run short of water supply if they use all the accessible surface water. Such water is harvested from nearby fresh water rivers and springs. Borehole drilling is quite common within arid areas due to grave shortage of water within the regions. Ground water harvesting is considered a viable option since it does not require maintenance costs. This is an approach that aims at converting sea water to fresh drinking water. This happens by way of eliminating salt found within sea water. This is one among the oldest and commonly used techniques for treating water. This is a very practicable approach especially in assuring freshwater supply within arid regions. Desalination has the capability to remove most contaminants within water.

Introduction to Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to Computing - Essay Example A wireless network is defined as the type of telecommunication network whose nodes are interconnected without any wires and the remote transmission of information takes place by means of radio waves at the physical level. Wireless networking has helped the consumers get rid of bundles of cables and wires so that they can benefit from countless services of the internet without having stuck at one place because of wiring. Wireless networking has made possible quick and reliable file and internet connection sharing. To begin with wireless networking, the first thing needed is a â€Å"high speed internet connection at the place where you want to use wireless networking† such as digital subscriber line (DSL) or WI-FI (Software Reviews). Other requirements include wireless networking adapter or a PC card adapter, a modem and a network hub. In case of wide-ranging wireless networking, it is always sensible to use an HP Network Assistant â€Å"to validate your wired and wireless network settings† (Hewlett-Packard Development Company). Wireless networks are based on IEEE 802.11 standards which is a set of standards developed by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) to carry ou t WLAN technology with specifications or protocols like 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n having frequency bandwidth of 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) enable a user to connect to a local area network through wireless networking, like a small network in a house or an office. As compared to conventional wired networks, the user just has to put on the computer system and enable the ‘connect to the network’ option to connect to the network. It is that simple. The user does not have to waste time in adjusting wires, cables and plugs. He can take the system he is working on anywhere he wants inside the house or inside the range of access points. Thus, setting up a WLAN saves time and money wasted on setting up cables. Computers inside WLAN can be

The Advertisement to Warn of the Adverse Effects of Cigarette Smoking Essay

The Advertisement to Warn of the Adverse Effects of Cigarette Smoking - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that images provide useful mental information with hidden meaning that requires analysis to get the intended message. Advertisements use images and drawings to give cautionary measures and a summary of what could have taken considerable space when presented in text format. Advertisements contain arguments targeted at persuading the consumers of an individual product to increase the rates of purchase. Advertisements include sequentially arranged information that a market specialist and a psychologist designed to persuade a particular target group. Some people draw for leisure while others, like cartoonists, draw for pay. The main feature is that any visual document has a message to pass to the viewers. The paper analyzes an advertisement banner by the Health Canada. The visual text analyzed has a size of 500mm by 267mm. The left-hand side of the banner pictures a teenage girl holding a lighted cigarette. The image appears on an orange backgr ound. The author drafted the word warning using white fonts on a black background on the right of the picture. Below the warning sign, words indicating the repercussions and the negative results of smoking appear. In addition, the texts indicate the addictive and harmful nature of smoking to scare and warn the innocent from engaging in the practice. The health organization has also provided their mobile contact and a link to their website page. The lady in the picture has a wrinkled forehead, defective left eye, brown stained teeth, stained nails, and reddened eyeball. She also has red gum and lips. She looks horrible from the first sight. Her hair seems unhealthy and dull. The visual art targets youths who smoke and prospective youth smokers as well. The visual art does this by clearly presenting the negative effects of cigarette smoking visible to the public and the people around us. The visual text clearly conveys the message that cigarette smoking is harmful to human health. The setting environment is dull by the choice of color. A faint, orange-yellow color in many instances usually indicates sickness, decay, and caution. The picture portrays the young lady as young and attractive. Youth life is an attractive era according to art. She is sick because of smoking.

The Bolivian Election Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Bolivian Election - Research Paper Example NGOs in emerging democracies are typically funded by non-governmental outsides sources, such as foreign aid or private donors. However, it is possible for an NGO to be partially or even fully government funded. It is important to note that Bolivia became a democratically elected government in 1982. In the first stages of its democracy Bolivia had a very centralized national government, and along with it came much corruption and a general unhappiness of its citizens with democracy. However, in 1994 much of the central power devolved to the local municipalities including the appropriations of funds. This act is known as the Law of Popular Participation. During these times NGOs preformed a vital role in the cross over to the new system. They were often consulted in planning, helped with organization, and educated citizens about the new system (Boulding 461). The article sets out to examine how NGOs can effect political participation in emerging or weak democracies. (Boulding 456) states that NGOs can promote political activity of a country by providing resources, and by making available opportunities for association. When an NGO provides resources to a community, they have the ability to make citizen political participation easier. ... "NGOs, whether they are providing small business training, lobbying for women’s' or indigenous rights, providing health care, or building houses, all involve local interaction between NGO workers, neighbors, and others in the community. By spending time together, talking, and working toward a common project, people (Boulding 456). As evidenced in the previous elections, Bolivia often experience violent elections dating back to 1980s when the country was identified to be politically emotional due to poor leadership and the desire of the incumbent government to rig elections causing uncalled for animosity in the country. The huge funds donated by Europe and the United States since 1980s for the sole purpose of strengthening democracy for instance; through promoting the involvement of civil society in ensuring that peaceful election process. The fruitless efforts necessitated the desire to act on the issues which lead to post election violence so that the problem could be solved permanently through embracing peace and reconciliation (Boulding 456). However, in order to determine the best solution on the same, research had to be carried out to determine the cause and corresponding results of post election violence so that a common objective would be set to avert the post election violence since it had been a routine in the country. However, to ascertain the consequences of post election violence, research process should be continuous since all research outcomes had not achieved perfect solution. Electorates and the corresponding leadership require periodic research processes which corresponds to the current research study (Boulding 459). In the Bolivian history, myriad research processes had

Teamwork and Trustworthy Working Relationship Essay Example for Free

Teamwork and Trustworthy Working Relationship Essay Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence wins championships (Michael Jordan). This is a quote from one of the greatest basketball players, emphasising the importance in teamwork as a group. It can also be used in terms of a group of people working together not in a sporting aspect. â€Å"A team is not a bunch of people with job titles, but a congregation of individuals, each of whom has a role which is understood by other members. Members of a team seek out certain roles and they perform most effectively in the ones that are most natural to them. † (Dr. R. M. Belbin). This definition is used to identify individual’s positives and negatives during a project or as a group; it can also be used to build a secure and trustworthy working relationship, choose and develop high-performing teams, increase self-awareness and personal efficiency, and finally build understanding. Building a secure and trustworthy working relationship is important in teamwork because it can help build individuals in the group’s self-confidence and morale and guarantee support from other members in the group. It can also build hope around the team, guaranteeing members can feel confident airing issues and concerns within the group. This is offered individuals a rich variety of tools and ways to manage, avoid and fix conflict to build a stronger and lasting relationships. During the lead up to the presentation, my team-mates and I had a few occasions where we disagreed about certain opinions but we did it in a respectable manner and understood the reason agreement. Majority of us who made up a group to put up a presentation on teamwork and the Eurozone play football together which automatically gave us that bond, we had the ability to voice concerns w no fear of getting shut down by a member of the team which is very vital as I mentioned above about teamwork.

Business Plan and Analysis for Social Work Company

Business Plan and Analysis for Social Work Company Table of Contents (Jump to) Executive Summary Objectives Mission Statement Key Performance Indicators Company’s Ownership Director’s Role Company’s Services Key Competitors SWOT analysis Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Market Research Target Market Marketing Plan Professional Referral Marketing Internet Marketing Branding Internal Marketing External Marketing Public Relations Contingency Plan Executive Summary United Kingdom is considered as an individualism culture in which individuals are expected to take care of only themselves and their immediate families as concluded by Greek Hofstede after his study on multi-cultural dimensions. Similarly, great number of population living longer in the western countries in particular in the United Kingdom which have presented a challenge of looking after the elderly people in the society. The concept of health and social care came into existence at the time of First World War when individuals nursed the wounded soldiers. Similarly, in the mid 1990’s, the U.K, government started realising that the there has to be an organised system to look after the elderly people and people with difficulties, this is when National Health System was introduced. Now a days, Health and Social Care companies work along with the NHS to provide help and support to elderly people, and individuals with learning difficulties and disabilities. Pulse Care Limited is a health and a social care company who intent to provide support and help to the NHS and to the community. We aim to target the vulnerable groups i.e. the elderly, young people and children suffering through disabilities and learning difficulties. The company also offer help and support to families by providing a day care centre facility where the clients can be looked after in a more personalised manner. At Pulse Care Limited, we offer a unique combination of premier home health care and community-based day centre services. In today’s competitive market for the health and care sector, there have been a number of reports regarding the inadequate and unprofessional approach used by various organisations to treat elderly and people with disabilities. In a recent report by the Local Government Association for Community Wellbeing, its chairman David Rogers, is quoted as saying, â€Å"There needs to be urgent action to ensure the way we offer support to older people is fairer, simpler and fit for purpose in order to truly meet the needs of the most vulnerable members of our society. Pulse Care Limited aims to provide user-centred approach to highlight and innovative solutions to the problem mentioned above which would also give the company a competitive edge in the market. Pulse Care Limited endeavours to provide the best quality care to its clients based on respect and dignity for the individual with a tailor- made support based on their individual needs. We will certainly ensure that the highest industry standards are continued and staff would be in a continued programme of improvement to be able to deliver the best client experience which includes their family and friends. Our business philosophy is incorporated by the fact that, a happy work force that treasures what it does, delivers the best possible quality service, and that both management and clients will find benefit in working and being together. Our competitive pricing and fees structure puts the clients at the heart of designing their desired level of care while ensuring high quality standards. Objectives Pulse Care Limited’s overall objective is position its self as a trustworthy and caring brand which would give a cutting edge to the company in the industry. Following are the key objectives of the company for the first year of operations. To ensure that clients and stakeholders are treated with dignity and respect. To design effective brand management strategies which would help the business to position it’s self as a trustworthy, honest and caring brand. To ensure client satisfaction always remain centred to the business. To target 25% of the local clients in the first year of operation. Mission Statement â€Å"We aim to provide help and support to our clients and to the community by treating them with dignity and respect† Key Performance Indicators Put the patient first Value for money services Access to more option for the patience/clients Work openly and in partnership with other NHS organisations Use clinical leadership to develop and manage services Company’s Ownership Pulse Care Limited is a registered at the companies house U.K with the registration number 09027014. Mr. Wajeed Ali Khan Mohammad is the sole director of the company and possess 100% share in the company. He has successfully accomplished his Masters of Science in Health and Social Care Management from the University of Bradford. Director’s Role The character of the director/owner of any business is very decisive. Mr. Muhammad has the experience and education in the field of Health and Social Care which would support the business to attain and maintain customers. Similarly, the character of the director impacts on the day to day operations of any SME’s. Therefore, Mr. Muhammad does realise the importance to have positive personality traits i.e. trustworthiness, honesty, knowledge, reliable and innovative. In Contrast to SME’s in large organisations, celebrities are commonly used for brand promotion purposes. Mr. Muhammad, understands the important of his commitments and personality as this would support and help the business to establish relationship with clients and stakeholders. Company’s Services Pulse Care Limited is a health and social care services company. The company endeavours to provide support and care to the clients and to the community. The definitive goal of the company is assist its clients to live a pleasing and independent life. Following are the key services provided by the company. Care and Support for elder people. Specialist care and Support Personal Care services Consultation Child Family Care Adult care wellbeing Learning disabilities Mental health problems Key Competitors Pulse Care Limited will continuously monitor its competitors. The company will always keep an eye on the competitor’s strategies and the service level. Following are key competitors of the company. Heritage Care Ltd Health Authorities Primary Care Trusts Tel:020 8519 2731 DASL Addiction Rehabilitation Tel:020 8257 3068 Lifecare Institute Training Services Tel:020 8221 4160 Pohwer Charitable Voluntary Organisations Tel:020 8221 2260 4social Work Recruitment Consultants Tel:0845 6044445 Translating Interpreting Service Translators Interpreters Tel:020 8591 0050 Medi Prospects Training Services Tel:020 8472 6060 Marieco Care Ltd Home Care Services Tel:03302 231786 Quest Training Services Tel:020 8911 0760 SWOT analysis We are currently in an extremely productive market in a swiftly emergent economy. Pulse Care Limited forecasts its strengths as the ability to respond keenly to the market dictates and to provide customised market research services to our clients. In addition through aggressive marketing and quality management we intend to become a well-respected leader in health and social care industry. Below are the summarized strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. (S)trengths Strategic market segmentation and implementation strategies. Personalised health care service provided by the company. Diversified market segments. Ensures the lack of dependency on one particular market. Government’s friendly policies and consistent support to Health and Social Care Enterprises. An aggressive and focused marketing campaign. A marketing plan with clear goals and strategies. Directors experience and education in the field of Health Social Care Management. (W)eaknesses Lack of a solid well-established network in the market research arena. The introduction of new organizational practices could presents a challenge to the organization. (O)pportunities Lack of care and respect shown by health and care organisation would help the company to build its reputation in the market as the company’s main mission is to deliver high standards of care to its clients. Friendly government’s policy for health and social care department. (T)hreats Competitive market in the Health social care industry Owner’s lack of experience in running his own organisation. Market Research The number of people living over 65 in the United Kingdom has increased by 25% since 1986 and people living over 85 has since doubled. United Kingdom has been experiencing demographic issues like many other western countries which has brought the need of health and social care for this population. . The concept of health and social care came into existence at the time of First World War when individuals nursed the wounded soldiers. Similarly, in the mid 1990’s, the U.K, government started realising that the there has to be an organised system to look after the elderly people and people with difficulties, this is when National Health System was introduced. Now a days, Health and Social Care companies work along with the NHS to provide help and support to elderly people, and individuals with learning difficulties and disabilities. Pulse Care Limited, endeavours to provide services to its clients with respect and dignity. Unlike, many other health and social care organisations wh ere clients are not even treated with respect and dignity. Pulse Care Limited, not only target the elder people but also people with disabilities and learning difficulties. The health and social care industry is quite competitive however, there is still a need for a health and social care company who can genuinely offer the care to the clients with admiration and pride and we aim to fill this gap. Our business philosophy is incorporated by the fact that, a happy work force that treasures what it does, delivers the best possible quality service, and that both management and clients will find benefit in working and being together. Our competitive pricing and fees structure puts the clients at the heart of designing their desired level of care while ensuring high quality standards. Target Market H Care Limited has divided its target audience into two categories i.e. Primary group and Secondary Group. The primary group of clients are the patients referred by health care facilities, physicians and other health care professionals. The secondary group of clients for the company are individuals who are suffering through personal injuries and require case management services to assist them in addressing medical, financial and employment issues. Marketing Plan Pulse Care Limited will use the following elements for the purpose of marketing. Professional Referral Marketing Professional referral Marketing is one of the consistent and enduring strategy which would help and support the business to obtain referrals from other medical professionals. Mr. Muhammad’s education and experience in the area of health and social care will support the company to obtain the confidence of the medical professionals. Similarly, the company would regularly make communications with these professionals in order to implement this strategy. Internet Marketing Internet marketing would be used to capture the clients and professional directly and also for the purpose of brand awareness The company’s website has already been created i.e. the website encompasses all the relevant information about the company i.e. logo, companys full name, contact details ,corporate address and the services offered by the company. Companys official Facebook and twitter accounts along with the director Linked In profile links are visible on the website which would allow the visitors to join the official social media pages. More than 80% of the U.K population can targeted through social media. Pulse Care Limited has already created its Face book, Twitter page which would allow the company to communicate with the target audience. All these medium would allow the company to build brand awareness and establish the trust relationship with the target audience. Branding The faith of people have been lost in health and social care organisation because all the inadequate and unprofessional approaches practiced by many health and social care organisation. Hence , it is very significant to build a brand in which the clients can trust and this would be achieve via making relationship with clients and professionals. Pulse Care Limited will provide its clients with a platform on social media and on the company’s website to share their personalised experiences and best practices. This would allow the company to build its brand awareness. Moreover, the company seeks to get the affiliation from Care Quality Commission England, which would also help the company to gain the trust of its target audience. Moreover, regular communications will shared for brand awareness purposes which would emphasise the high standard of quality services provided by the company. Internal Marketing Pulse Care Limited will capture its existing customers to generate more business and also to get referrals from them. The company has already created a manual spreadsheet data base where all the details about new and existing clients are been saved. Company will use series of marketing communications tools to target the audience. External Marketing Our external marketing strategy will be based mainly on informing the target audience about our existence and making the right information available .Therefore, we will be targeting different segments with our promotional tools and the messages may slightly vary to match the intended audience. However, in all cases the marketing will convey the sense of quality and professionalism, in all the promotion and publication. In such a market we cannot afford to appear in or produce second-rate material with poor labels that make our services look less. Hence we endeavour to influence our presence using quality brochures and other sales literature, including promotional material such as pens, complimentary slips and stickers. The company has already designed its flyers and these are already distributing in the local area. In future the company will avail the service of a third party company to distribute the flyers. Public Relations One of the most effective way of incorporating a brand/ company image in the mind of its clients in through public relations activities. Pulse care limited will engage itself in various public relationship activities. Mr. Muhammad will share his experience and highlight the key trends and exceptions in Health and Social care Management via press releases and through online marketing. This would help the company to build its reputation and awareness in the mind of its target audience. Contingency Plan We aim to concentrate on the results collated through our current marketing campaign. If we anticipate that the marketing strategy has failed to provide the desired results, we will evaluate all our marketing and communications strategies and will give emphasis to understand the clients and stakeholders psyche and will continuously monitor the competitor’s behaviour pattern. We will than implement a new marketing strategy as per the result evaluated from the marketing campaign.

Marketing Report Of Tesco Marketing Essay

Marketing Report Of Tesco Marketing Essay Aim of this easy focus on Tesco marketing operation and how they control their domestic and international market. The information that use in this report is secondary data and also different techniques, analysis such as PESTEL analysis, SWOT analysis, Marketing mix analysis, market segmentation, targeting analysis etc are used to discover Tescos marketing position in national and international place. Executive Summary 2 The main aim of marketing is to understand customers needs and to develop a right way that can cover all this essential matter. Basically marketing jobs is make sure always and find out about customer requirements. 2 2 Introduction 5 Definitions of Marketing 5 Main Characteristics of Marketing 6 Key elements of market orientation 7 Benefits of marketing approach 7 Cost of marketing approach 8 Market orientation assessment 8 Market segmentation criteria 9 Targeting Strategy 10 Affects of buyer behavior 11 Marketing Mix 13 Different between domestic and international market 15 Different marketing strategy of Tesco 16 SWOT analysis of TESCO 19 http://wc1.smartdraw.com/examples/content/Examples/06_Quality_Control/SWOT_Diagrams/SWOT_Diagram_-_Market_Analysis_L.jpg (access-07-01-2010) 19 Another element of marketing mix 21 Conclusion 23 Recommendation 23 Based on this analysis we can say that TESCO doing vary well retail market in UK. Now they expand their business all over the world and for that TESCO need to care full about there marketing because different country has different type of customer and their needs also no same. 23 Introduction TESCO is top leading retailer in UK. It manages over a thousand supermarkets, hypermarkets, and convenience store in the United Kingdom, Ireland, central Europe, and Asia. TESCO started life in 1919 when Jack Cohen started surplus groceries from a stall in the East end of London. MR Cohen made profit of 1 from sales of 4 on his first day. TESCO brand first appear five years after in 1942 when he bought shipment of tea from a MR T. E Stockwell. From that time TESCO slowly improve in retail business and now they are take top position in UK retail business. Tesco aim is provide best products for their customer and make sure about customer requirements. Definitions of Marketing The definitions of marketing of marketing can be divided into two categories: Classical (narrow) and Modern (board) The classical definition of marketing has several weaknesses that are overcome in the modern definition. A proper definition of marketing should not be confined to goods and service. It should cover organization (for example, Florida Orange growers), people (political candidates and celebrities), place (Denver, Colorado), and ideas (the value of a college education). Figure 1-1 definition of marketing:- Classical / narrow Modern / board 1. Marketing is the performance activates that direct the flow goods and service from producer to consumer or user. (Ralph S.Alexander (Chairman), Report of the definitions committee, journal of marketing, vol. 12 (October 1948), pp. 202-217) 1. Marketing is the exchange taking place between consuming groups on the one hand and supplying groups on the other. (Wroe Alderson, marketing Behavior and Executive Action (Hoewood, 3 Richard D. Irwin, 1957), p. 42). 2. Marketing is the process in a society by which the demand structure for economic goods and service is anticipated or enlarged and satisfied through the conception, promotion, and physical distribution of such goods and services. (Statement of the Philosophy of the marketing faculty, the Ohio state University, The journal of marketing, vol. 29 (January 1965), pp. 43-44). 2. Marketing is concerned with regulating the level, timing, and character of demand for one or more products of an organization. (Philip kotler, The major task of marketing Management, Journal of Marketing, vol. 37 (October 1973), p. 42). 3. Marketing is human activity directed at satisfying needs and through exchange processes. (Philip kotler, Marketing Management: Planning, Analysis, and Control, fourth edition (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-hall, 1980), p. 19). Main Characteristics of Marketing There are four main characteristics of marketing oriented organization: Production Orientation: This is organizational or values where competitive advantage is attained through increase productivity or volume. Its a traditional orientation that exists in the Henry ford era. In modern times this is practiced in compliment with other orientations. Product Orientation: An organizational culture where competitive advantage gained through the creation of product leadership (high quality features) becomes the sole objective of a business. Sales orientations: An organizational culture where competitive advantage attainted through the creation of superior sales force to generate adequate sales becomes the objectives of a business. Carphone warehouse attained its objectives through telemarketing. Marketing Orientations: An organizational culture where beating competition through the creation of superior customer value is the paramount objective throughout the business (piercy, market led strategic change 2001). Key elements of market orientation The main key elements of market orientation are: Customer orientation: Understanding customer well enough to create superior value for them. Long term profit focus: Having this as strategic focus business objective. Interfunctional coordination: Mobilising all company resource to create value for target customer. Competitor orientation: Awareness of the short and long term capabilities of competitors. Organizational Culture: Management and employee behavior to focus on customer satisfactions a value. These are the key aliments that must be flow in oriented organization. Benefits of marketing approach High customer satisfaction, loyalty and retention Increase sales and market share Growth in profitability Enhanced competitive advantage Improved corporate image Cost of marketing approach Increasing customer expectations Staff training and development needs Technology requirement for customer contact and improved ways of doing business Increase resource demand to providing customer specific marketing Complex customer growing needs and power Market orientation assessment Customer orientation Regular collection of information on customer needs Customer focus corporate policies and objectives Regular customer satisfaction review and improved service levels Responsiveness to customer needs Market offers reflecting the various needs of distinct segments Competitor orientation Regular collection of information on competitor activities Responsiveness to competitor actions Bench marking on competitor offering Differentiating on the basis of customer needs Market segmentation criteria In addition to having different needs, for segments to be practical they should be evaluated against the following criteria: Identifiable: the differentiating attributes of the segments must be measurable so that they can be identified Accessible: the segments must be reachable through communication and distribution channels. Substantial: the segments should be sufficiently large to justify the resource required to target them. Unique needs: to justify separate offerings, the segments must respond differently to the different marketing mixes. Durable: the segments should be relatively stable to minimize the cost of frequent changes. A good market segmentation will result in segment that are internally homogenous and externally heterogeneous, that is, as similar as possible within the segment, and as different as possible between segments. Base for Segmentation in consumer markets: Consumer markets can be segmented on the following customer characteristics: Geographic Demographic Psychographic Behavioralistic http://www.netmba.com/marketing/market/segmentation/ (access-05-01-2010) Targeting Strategy There are several different target-market strategies that may be followed. Targeting strategies usually can be categorized as one of the following: Single-segment: strategy also known as a concentrated strategy. One market segment (not the entire market) is served with one marketing mix. A single-segment approach often is the strategy of choice for smaller companies with limited resources. Selective specialization: this is a multiple-segment strategy, also known as a differentiated strategy. Different marketing mixes are offered to different segments. Product specialization: the firm specializes in serving a particular product and tailors it to different market segments. Market specialization: the firm specializes in serving a particular market segment and offers that segment an array of different products. Full market coverage: the firm attempts to serve the entire market. This coverage can be achieved by means of either a mass market strategy in which a single undifferentiated marketing mix is offered to the entire market, or by a differentiated strategy in which a separate marketing mix is offered to each segment. The following diagrams show examples of the five market selection patterns given three market segments S1, S2, and S3, and three products P1, P2, and P3. Single Segment Selective Specialization Product Specialization Market Specialization Full Market Coverage S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 http://www.netmba.com/marketing/market/segmentation/ (access-05-01-2010) A firm that is seeking to enter a market and grow should first target the most attractive segment that matches its capabilities. Affects of buyer behavior One of the most important parts of marketing is buyer or customer behavior. Because of that TESCO must understand why a customer or buyer makes a purchase. Without such an understanding it is hard for TESCO to respond customers needs and wants. According to Peter Clark, co-editor of the Wise Market and co-author of the loyalty Guide reports series, there are six major factors that play key roles in influencing the loyalty and commitment of customer: http://www.thewisemarketer.com/news/read.asp?lc=w29860tx2320zs (access-05-01-2010) This six factors working when every customer goes to buy something. There for TESCO contain to this factor. Because of customer different needs TESCO has focus to maintain what they want and it also depend on different buying situation. There are two main factors that influence a purchase: Cultural factor: Cultural factors have a significant impact on customer behavior. Culture is the most basic cause of persons wants and behavior. Growing up, children learn basic values, perception, and wants from the family and other important groups. Social factor: A customer buying behavior is also influenced by social factors, such as the groups to which the customer belongs and social status. http://www.tutor2u.net/business/marketing/buying_introduction.asp (access-5-01-2010) This all factor effects on TESCO marketing operation because customer is now king and every business have to make sure about there needs. For example in local market means UK TESCO can sale pork but in Asian market it is not possible to sale pork in every place. Organization duty to make sure about customer requirements and also maintain there cultural and social wants. Marketing Mix The concept of a marketing mix is best described by (1990, 43) claiming that is the set of controllable marketing variables that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market it is compose of 4ps: product, price, place, and promotion. In the context of TESCO, their entry to the Chiness market should significantly adapt to the culture of the consumer in the said location. However, the company should take into keep in mind the basic standards to which their company adheres to. Product: The management of TESCO should set off product development strategies once they have taken control of their shop in China by marketing their existing products, exporting products in different province of the country and in so doing pressing forward on the possible opportunities of boosting the companys market penetration and market share. Tesco should consider restoring or revising models of their product to provide the Chiness customers what they want and what they need. In this way Tesco could develop the stores own brand product which could be marketed strategically within the territory of china. Price: Looking at the situation of Tesco, one way that it could acquire cost advantage is by enhancing process efficiency, expanding exclusive contact to a large supplier of lower cost materials, or steering clear of several costs in general. If rival organizations in the country are incapable to lower their costs by a comparable quantity, Tesco will be capable of sustaining a competitive anchored cost leadership. Place: To develop its success in its retail operations, the Tesco should make multi-million pound investments in store expansion in low-income districts and localities. By getting involved with similar-minded public and private sector groups like local community based associations, colleges, and chambers of commerce, the Tesco will be able to open sites in economically disadvantage districts in china. Targeting these areas will enable the company to gain of local luminaries and gain favor from the local government by providing employment to the locals. Promotion: The Tescos approach should constitute a long-standing strategic plan that centers on generation value to expand the loyalty of their customer which takes account of preserving a well-built central Chinese business, to be as strapping in non-food as food product and services, to develop globally and to set the ball rolling on retailing services like on-line shopping. http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/08/tesco-marketing-mix.html (access-05-01-2010) The bottom-line is that object of the marketing mix is to satisfy the customer and in this analysis we can see place play most important roll in china situation. Because of that Tesco not catch that much success like UK or other place. Other hand tesco product price is contribute to get success of Tesco and for that in UK Tesco is a number one retail company. Different between domestic and international market There are eight main factors which is play the key roles to different between domestic and international market. The factor is below: Market size Market rate of growth Government regulation Economic and political factor Market share Product fit Contribution margin Market support (Marketing Today: Gordon Oliver 3rd edition; (1990) prentice hall Inter. (UK) limited. Hertfordshire) These are the key factor which is making different in global and domestic market. For example: In the case of Tesco, Malaysia, economic development condition, food supply chains are being rationalized according to more complicated major retail and food service consumers who wants to make business with fewer, larger, better-resourced manufacturers, suppliers and farmers. Therefore, power is polarizing the global retail industry. However Tesco has a long term business strategy in order increase profits, the company has three different dimensions in their strategies, and these are: corporate, functional and global or international. In this example we can see that how and why international marketing operation of Tesco deferent from domestic market operation. http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/11/strategic-marketing-tescopestleswotbcg.html (access-06-01-2010) Different marketing strategy of Tesco Tesco brought about o lot of changes in these marketing strategies and has grown to become UKs number one retailer. Today in the UK, the retailer has been dominant force more than 10 years-(Seth, A. Randall G., The Grocers: The Rise and Rise of the supermarket Chains). If we look in Tesco history we can see Tesco always change there strategy within time base and for that they get success constantly. In 1973 Lesile Porter and managing director lan MacLaurin applied one philosophy that is pile it high, sell it cheap which had left the company stagnating and with a bad image. In 1977 Tesco launched Operation Checkout which included the abandonment of green Shield stamps, price reductions and centralized buying for all stores. The result is a rise in market share of 4% in two month. 1990s In 1994 the company took over the supermarket chain William Low, successfully fighting off Sainsburys for control of the Dundee-based firm which operated 57 stores. Tesco introduced a loyalty card, branded Clubcard in 1995 and later an internet shopping service. In 1997 Tesco and Esco (part of Exxonmobil) forged a business alliance that included several petrol filling stations on lease from Esco, with Tesco operating the attached stores under the Express format. Ten years later over 600 Tesco/Esco stores can now be found across the UK. 2000s In October 2003 the company launched a UK telecoms division, comprising mobile and home phone service, to complement its existing internet service provider business. August 2004, it also launched a broadband service. In 2007 Tesco took part in a joint venture with O2 to from the Tesco Mobile virtual network operator in Ireland. In April 2009, Tesco announced that it had created a super tomato doesnt leak. We can see here that how Tesco change their strategy from beginning to until now. Other hand we can see Toscos almost entire relationship marketing strategy based on its Clubcard scheme. It has been able to use the Clubcard very effectively in addressing different customer segments and in attracting customers of all types. PESTEL Analysis http://www.learnmarketing.net/pestmarketing.jpg (access 17-12-09) PEST analysis shows the main external impacts of organization. PESTEL stands for political, economical, sociological, technological, ethical, and legal, in TESCO the following external will have great effects whether negatively or positively. Political: following the European integration and free trade Agreements, the market has opened up for British Companies to invest in Eastern Europe. Tesco already has 60 Hypermarket store in hungry. Economic: the Retail sector is fairly recession prawn and also very sensitive t change in interest rates. Since the events of September 11th the world economics have suffered heavily, stock plummeted and price is at all time lows. The world economy is however, now on the up post September 11th. Sociological: Change in consumer taste and lifestyle represent both opportunity and threats for the industry. Technological: change in retailing methods as such clothes sales via the internet is now a common place in retailing. Paperless operation, the management and administration of the company are undertaken on IT system, which are accessed through secure servers provide flexibility in the running of the business. Environmental: the threats are in terms of legal consequence for livestocks in terms of heath and safety. The renewal source of resource used in production, namely cotton and wool are environmentally friendly. Legal: the legal factor is national legislation for health and safety both in terms of consumer and also in terms of production of own natural renewable resource for making clothes. http://www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.php (access-07-01-2010) SWOT analysis of TESCO http://wc1.smartdraw.com/examples/content/Examples/06_Quality_Control/SWOT_Diagrams/SWOT_Diagram_-_Market_Analysis_L.jpg (access-07-01-2010) Strengths TESCO have secured commercial standing within the global market place wining Retailer of the Year 2008 at the World Retail Awards this can be used marketing campaigns to drive advantage towards the demographic base for future growth and sustainability. In an environment where global retail sales are showing decline or level performance on a like basis TESCO Group have published sales gain of 13% for UK markets and 26% growth in international markets. As a business looking for continued expansion TESCO have reserve funds of credit coupled with income derived from property portfolio development funds. Weaknesses TESCO finance profit levels were impacted through bad debt, credit card arrears and household insurance claims. TESCOs position as a price leader in UK markets can lead to reduced profit margins in order to retain the key price points on must have commercial items. Grocer outlets are not set up to operate as specialist in specific areas of product which can be capitalized on by other smaller bespoke retailer. Whilst current economic conditions suggest TESCO key value massage will succeeded there is a weakness in nonessential, mind to high ticket price items which will suffer from the rising cost of living and lower disposable incomes. Opportunities Statistics suggest TESCO is the third largest global grocer which indicates a level of buying power to ensure mainstream economies of scale. The acquisition of Homever provides the opportunity to develop the brand through Asia, specifically South Korea and further grow international markets for the group. The development of TESCO Direct through online and catalogue shopping will grow the use of technology, providing the launch pad for large non food based products with moderate to high margin returns and less focus on sale and margin per foot return to space. TESCO mobile have grown  ¼ million customer in 2008 and moved into profitable status suggesting further growth and development within this technological area can be developed. Threats UK and America markets have been affected by economic through the credit crunch Lower available income and strategic focus may need to change to lower priced basic products with less focus on higher priced brands suggesting a switch in price architecture. Rising raw material costs from both foods will impact profit margins overall. Changes to consumer buying behaviors require further analysis as technology develops consumers buying patterns change which will result in product areas requiring evaluation. For TESCO there is a persistent threat of takeover form the market leader Wal-Mart who has both means and motive to pursue such action. http://www.businessteacher.org.uk/business-resources/swot-analyis-database/tesco-swot-analysis/(access-07-01-2010) Another element of marketing mix People: People play c crucial role in the production and delivery of products and service. The physical presence of people performing the job is a vital aspect of customer satisfaction. The people mix issue: careful job selection careful policies of selection Institute programmers in staff training etc. Process: process involved the ways in which the markets task is achieved. The process mix: company policies accessibility service feature Capacity levels etc. Physical: The physical evidence relates to those aspects of the service provider that customer can see and fell so as to from an impression of the service or its provider. The physical evidence mix: logos colours equipment company vehicles labels Packaging etc. Three new marketing mixes also create importance in marketing. There fore Tescos marketing operation also effect by this new marketing mix. Conclusion Present time Tesco is the number one retail company in UK. They expand there business all over the world for example: China, India, Malaysia etc. TESCO have to understand that international marketing and domestic marketing both are complex process. Therefore they have to maintain their marketing progress and keep focusing on customer. In this report we try to show that how Tesco operate there marketing system, what is there aim, and what they can do. So TESCOs main objective is to take long term decision to make profit and also full-fill customer needs. Recommendation Based on this analysis we can say that TESCO doing vary well retail market in UK. Now they expand their business all over the world and for that TESCO need to care full about there marketing because different country has different type of customer and their needs also no same.

Male and Female Paralysis in James Joyces Dubliners Essay -- Dubliner

Male and Female Paralysis in Dubliners Critics widely recognized that each story within James Joyce’s Dubliners contains a theme of paralysis. In fact, Joyce himself wrote, â€Å"My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the centre of paralysis† (Joyce, letter to Grant Richards, 5 May 1906). Contained in this moral history called Dubliners are twelve stories that deal with the paralysis of a central male character and only four that deal with so called paralysis within a central female character. It could be said that Joyce did this merely because he is a male, therefore could write the character better. However, Joyce writes female characters just as convincing as male characters. In looking at the male-centered stories versus the female-centered stories I find a difference. As the author Marilyn French says in her book Shakespeare’s Division of Experience, â€Å"The basic distinction in human social o rder since the beginning of recorded history has been gender† (French, 11). While it is obvious that each of the stories within Dubliners deal with paralysis, I contend that the paralysis within a male character and the paralysis within a female character are essentially different. Male paralysis is evident in the story â€Å"Araby,† about a young boy’s obsession over his friend’s sister. His life revolves around thinking about her and when the next time he is going to see her will be, even though he has never had a conversation with her. He comments, â€Å"I had never spoken to her except for a few casual words, and yet her name was like a summons to all my foolish blood† (Joyce 20). His life is ruled by this fascination, and when she final... ...wrote the male and female characters differently within Dubliners. Works Cited: Benstock, Bernard. Critical Essays on James Joyce. G.K. Hall & Co. Boston, Massachusetts: 1985. French, Marilyn. Shakespeare’s Division of Experience. Summit Books. New York, New York: 1981. Joyce, James. Dubliners. Washington Square Press. New York, New York: 1998. Seidel, Michael. James Joyce: A Short Introduction. Blackwell Publishers, Inc. Oxford, UK: 2002. Works Consulted: Fairhall, James. James Joyce and the Question of History. Cambridge University Press. New York, New York: 1993. Garrett, Peter K., ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Dubliners. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: 1968. Torchiana, Donald T. Backgrounds for Joyce’s Dubliners. Allen & Unwin, Inc. Winchester, Massachusetts: 1986.

Collective Memory :: essays research papers

Anthony D. Smith who wrote â€Å"National Identity and Myths of Ethnic Descent† discussed how myths are formed and how they can lead to the ethnic regeneration within a group of people. He associated his ideas on ethnic regeneration with the countries of Turkey, Greece, England, France, and Israel. His ideas clearly outlined the steps that are taken to regenerate when people are influence by myths created sometimes thousands of years ago in such cases as seen by Jews. There were eight steps which all of these nation-states were said to have followed, in order to be where they are today. Of these eight steps I do not agree with the one that says, â€Å"they designate a space and time for their action.† I do not feel that a specific time is designated. Instead I feel that the time is determined at a moment’s notice. This can be seen presently when referring to the future state of Palestine. The date for this states declaration of existence has changed numerous time s during the past few years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yael Zerubavel writes about Collective remembering and Zionist reconstruction of the past. I do not agree with the historian that Zerubavel talks about in his writings. I feel that Halbwach’s view of history expressed as â€Å"collective memory†. Collective memory is what gives a society is goals that they must seek in the future. It also creates a bond between the people of that society. As a result it leads to these people wanting to settle together in a nation-state. The Zionist movement is an example of something caused by collective memory. Through generations the Diaspora and other events in the lives of Jews have been passed on, which eventually led Jews to create a homeland in 1948.

The Confusion Over Cyberpunk Essay -- Science Fiction Technology Essay

The Confusion Over Cyberpunk What the media associates with cyberpunk does not agree with the commonly accepted interpretation of the movement. The cyberpunk writers' philosophies of a bleak future, caused by the marriage of technical and human abilities, have been lost due to the acceptance of the underground movement. Whenever anyone looks at the newborn information age, one can not help but attach a "cyber" label to it. When anyone mentions the Internet or the World Wide Web, the only word that comes to mind is "cyberspace." Even though our networks are not synonymous with the "cyberspace" created by William Gibson in Neuromancer, the term is now being used to describe any virtual computer environment. It seems that the current acceptance of computers has started a revolution in which man is becoming dependent upon machines. Where can you go without having access to a television or telephone? The widespread use of microprocessors and the data stored on them have created a new medium for artists to demonstrate their abilities. One problem this computer revolution creates is that it is often confused with cyberpunk fiction. On February 8, 1993, Time magazine published an article defining and clarifying questions of the cyberpunk movement. The conventionalization of cyberpunk (CP for short) has succeeded in removing the ideals and philosophies once associated with it. Rudy Rucker states that CP is "simply the fusion of humans and machines (Elmer-Dewitt 59)." However, CP is about much more than that: it is about the struggle between man and its creation, the probing of the human soul, and the rebellion against tradition. CP started as a group of writers eager to oppose conventional beliefs and writing styles. The movement ... ...ment alone opposes the fact that the CP movement is countercultural and always stands away from the mainstream. The newly formed definition is rapidly replacing the true CP movement. Eventually, all interactive technologies ranging from video games to digital satellite systems will be considered CP. The group of writers creating SF in the 1980's has created a new movement based on their works, bearing the same name. Works Cited Cadigan, Pat. "Rock On." ." Mirrorshades : The Cyberpunk Anthology. Ed. Bruce Sterling. New York: Ace Books, 1986. 34-42. Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. "Cyberpunk." Time. 8 Feb. 1993: 58 - 65. Maddox, Tom. "Snake-Eyes." Mirrorshades : The Cyberpunk Anthology. Ed. Bruce Sterling. New York: Ace Books, 1986. 12-33. Sterling, Bruce. "Cyberpunk in the Nineties." Writing About Cyberpunk. Ed. Tonya Browning. Austin: Abel's Copies, 1995. 3-6. The Confusion Over Cyberpunk Essay -- Science Fiction Technology Essay The Confusion Over Cyberpunk What the media associates with cyberpunk does not agree with the commonly accepted interpretation of the movement. The cyberpunk writers' philosophies of a bleak future, caused by the marriage of technical and human abilities, have been lost due to the acceptance of the underground movement. Whenever anyone looks at the newborn information age, one can not help but attach a "cyber" label to it. When anyone mentions the Internet or the World Wide Web, the only word that comes to mind is "cyberspace." Even though our networks are not synonymous with the "cyberspace" created by William Gibson in Neuromancer, the term is now being used to describe any virtual computer environment. It seems that the current acceptance of computers has started a revolution in which man is becoming dependent upon machines. Where can you go without having access to a television or telephone? The widespread use of microprocessors and the data stored on them have created a new medium for artists to demonstrate their abilities. One problem this computer revolution creates is that it is often confused with cyberpunk fiction. On February 8, 1993, Time magazine published an article defining and clarifying questions of the cyberpunk movement. The conventionalization of cyberpunk (CP for short) has succeeded in removing the ideals and philosophies once associated with it. Rudy Rucker states that CP is "simply the fusion of humans and machines (Elmer-Dewitt 59)." However, CP is about much more than that: it is about the struggle between man and its creation, the probing of the human soul, and the rebellion against tradition. CP started as a group of writers eager to oppose conventional beliefs and writing styles. The movement ... ...ment alone opposes the fact that the CP movement is countercultural and always stands away from the mainstream. The newly formed definition is rapidly replacing the true CP movement. Eventually, all interactive technologies ranging from video games to digital satellite systems will be considered CP. The group of writers creating SF in the 1980's has created a new movement based on their works, bearing the same name. Works Cited Cadigan, Pat. "Rock On." ." Mirrorshades : The Cyberpunk Anthology. Ed. Bruce Sterling. New York: Ace Books, 1986. 34-42. Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. "Cyberpunk." Time. 8 Feb. 1993: 58 - 65. Maddox, Tom. "Snake-Eyes." Mirrorshades : The Cyberpunk Anthology. Ed. Bruce Sterling. New York: Ace Books, 1986. 12-33. Sterling, Bruce. "Cyberpunk in the Nineties." Writing About Cyberpunk. Ed. Tonya Browning. Austin: Abel's Copies, 1995. 3-6.

Technical Writing Examples Essay

Technical writing refers to a type of writing where the author outlines the details and operations of administrative, technical, mechanical, or scientific systems. The main goal of technical writing is to educate, direct, and give others the ability to use a certain system. Types of Technical Writing There are three main types of technical writing: End-user documentation: This type of writing includes documents where the writer explains a topic to a novice so that they can understand technical terms and apply them in a real-life situation. Traditional technical writing: This is writing that is geared to an audience already at least somewhat familiar with a technical field such as engineering or politics. Technological marketing communications: This is writing used in promotional marketing such as fliers and promotional brochures that would entice a person to purchase a certain product or service. Examples of technical writing can be found in each of these different types of technical writing. Uses for Technical Writing End-User Documentation Examples of end-user documentation might include: â€Å"Blackberry for Dummies† – that teaches you how to use your new cellular phone and that is written in order to cater to someone who has never before used a cell phone or who is not a cell phone expert A manual that comes with a computer A manual that comes with a video game system, such as thePS3 users guide Traditional Technical Writing Examples of traditional technical writing might include: A whitepaper published in an engineering journal about a new system that has been devised An article published in a law review that caters to lawyers An article in a medical journal summarizing an experiment that has been conducted and written to a medical audience. For example, articles published in the New England Journal of Medicine would fall into this category Technical Marketing Communication These might include: A promotional ad outlining why you would want to purchase a new computer and explaining the features of that computer A promotional ad explaining why you would want to purchase a new cell phone, outlining the phone’s features A promotional ad explaining why you would want to purchase a new mp3 player and outlining the phone’s features, such as an ad for the Creative Zen Mozaic Mp3 player Successful Technical Writing When carrying out a technical writing assignment, you must remember to follow what is known as the three ‘Cs’ and ask yourself the following questions: Is it clear? Is it concise? Is it complete? Because technical writing is so often aimed towards those who may be unfamiliar with technical jargon and terminology, it is important that a technical writer uses clear and unambiguous language in their assigned piece. If the writing is too full of technical language, the message may not come across as intended. If the information being written about is provided in a convoluted and round-about way, the message is likely to be lost entirely. Straight forward and to the point is always best. If a technical writer’s information is incomplete, it inhibits the audience’s understanding of the topic and can, in some cases such as instruction and safety manuals, prove dangerous. Above all, technical writing needs to be very clear and concise to be successful. Examples of Technical Writing Assignments Technical writing is writing that is done for the purpose of educating, informing or directing someone on how to do something. Technical writing is significantly different than other types of writing such as narrative, because technical writing is intended to impart to the reader some specific skill or ability. Technical writing isn’t for everyone. It is often very detail-oriented and usually involves writing within fields where some advanced knowledge is required. When given a technical writing assignment, it also must be approached in a certain way in order for you to be successful. Forms of Technical Writing Technical writing assignments normally take one of three forms: End user documentation Traditional technical writing Technological marketing communications End User Documentation Writing a manual that accompanies a cell phone Writing a manual teaching home computer uses how to set up a basic home networking system Writing a how-to guide for using laptops Traditional Technical Writing Writing an analysis of a legal case for other lawyers Writing up a summary of a series of medical experiments to be published in a journal of medicine Writing an article for a trade publication Technological Marketing Communications Writing a sales pitch to a new potential client about a new type of computer hardware or software Writing informative articles for the web that show businesses that using a particular IT consulting service can save them money Types of Technical   Writing Assignments Technical writing is used in a large variety of fields such as engineering, computer hardware and software, chemistry, and biotechnology. You can also find everyday examples of technical writing in owner’s manuals, employee handbooks, and in articles on the web. Some examples of technical writing assignments include: Training manuals Operations guides Promotional brochures Online articles Training Manuals A technical writer may be assigned to compile information for a company or job training manual. In the manual, the writer may be required to outline: General information Company policies Standard operating procedures Duties required to be fulfilled by a given position Training manuals and other company documents can usually be categorized as end-user documentation. Operations Guides When a writer is asked to write an operations guide, they are expected to have a working knowledge of the topic or area about which they are writing. It is important that they keep in mind that the people who will be using their guide will likely be a beginner and will therefore need detailed and concise instructions for the subject that is being covered. This could refer to any of the following types of guides: Assembly instructions Installation guides Owner’s manuals Computer software guides Engineering guides Operations guides typically fall under the traditional technical writing category, but, in some cases, could also be considered end-user documentation. Promotional Brochures A technical writer who writes promotional brochures and other technological marketing pieces will be required to not only inform a potential customer of the offer being made, but to entice them to want to avail of it through the use of key phrases and words. Online Articles Another type of technical writing is found in online articles. There is a wealth of information available on the Internet. Millions of people browse search engines and read through articles they find for instructions, guides, and to understand different things. Technical writing, in this case, could vary from articles on how to assemble a crib to articles with detailed medical advice or historical information. This area of technical writing can fall into any of the three categories of technical writing. Finding Technical Writing Work As you can see, there are many different types of technical writing assignments. If you are interested in becoming a technical writer, you should consider working on both your writing skills and brushing up on your  knowledge in your particular field in order to find the best possible opportunities. Technical Writing Examples The field of technical writing offers a lucrative career opportunity for those who are skilled in communications. Individuals enter the profession from different backgrounds and for different reasons. Some have pursued a career in writing and found a knack for communicating complex material. Others have held technical positions and made the transition into writing specifically about their areas of expertise. What all of these professionals have in common is the ability to write about technical information in a way that their intended audience can understand and use easily. It’s a unique skill set, and one that you can learn to develop if you are considering entering the field. A good place to start is a brief online course introducing technical writing and covering the fundamentals of the discipline. If you would like to take a deeper dive, you can also find a comprehensive online course on technical writing and editing. To give you a picture of the kinds of materials technica l writers typically produce, here are some examples and some specific considerations for each: End-user documentation Many products require written explanations and instructions in order for users to understand and operate them effectively. In fact, these can be such an important element of the final package that they are often considered part of the product itself. After all, what good is a feature of a software program if you don’t know how to use it? And how do you compare that software next to one that does a better job explaining the available features? It is critical for a technical writer working in this area to write as clearly and concisely as possible, using layman’s terms and defining any required technical terminology. If you need some polish to write with a good, easily understandable style, you might benefit from a course in writing quality paragraphs and essays to get started. The output for a given product can take a variety of forms, including the following: Product manuals Often, a product will come packaged with hard-copy documentation explaining its features in detail. Increasingly, for complex products, such as software, these are becoming more rare. Instead of including in depth material, software will often include a slim guide to get users up an running. The more in depth material will then be left for third-party experts publishing on the subject or user help tools available either in the software or online. Assembly guides Technical writing includes step-by-step assembly instructions, which need to be carefully crafted to ensure that the end-user can complete the steps safely and accurately. Quickstart guides As mentioned in reference to software, products sometimes include a brief introductory guide to get a user started on working with its features. These documents do not include comprehensive information covering all elements. Instead they focus on clear and concise directions for getting the user started. These are sometimes included in addition to a more comprehensive user manual, a practice commonly seen with cell phones and smart phones. User help functions Much of technical writing for end-user software documentation takes place electronically. Technical writers build interactive guides where users can look for information specifically related to a question they have about a product. This helps them troubleshoot as they encounter obstacles in using the software. It also gives them the option of reading through the guide for a more comprehensive understanding. Technical books Again, often related to software products, and with certain kinds of hardware, third-party authors often write full length guides to help users thoroughly learn the ins and outs. If this is a goal for you as you set out into the technical writing field, you might get a headstart in a course on writing a how-to book. Traditional technical writing In the case of product documentation, the writing goal is most often to inform a non-expert audience. The dynamic is very different in traditional  technical writing. In this situation, the technical writer is creating content for an audience of experts. Here are some examples of deliverables in this category: Scientific and medical papers Practicing research scientists and medical researchers often work with technical writers to complete write-ups on their studies, which will ultimately be published in journals. Other practitioners will review this information to understand the latest findings and procedures, so the material needs to reinforce the credibility of the research and accurately reflect the details of the work. Reviews and reports Outside of the scientific community, technical writers work in and number of fields to communicate between professionals. This can include, for instance, legal case reviews, technical diagrams and schematics, and sometimes correspondence related to technical material (briefings, memos, etc.) Marketing content of a technical nature While the field may sound as though its material is as objective as possible and strictly for informing audiences, technical writers also engage in persuasive content development, often working in connection with marketing and sales teams. To persuade, after all, content often needs to be precise and credible, so technical writing easily fits in. If you need to work on the persuasive elements of your writing, you can take an online course that will teach you to enhance your techniques in persuasion. Meanwhile, here are some examples of writing you might take on within this category: White papers A long-form marketing project, white papers are designed to thoroughly investigate a topic that presents a problem for a specific audience. These reports will recommend a solution that highlights a company’s products. Case studies Technical writers are often involved in expounding on details of a specific account and how they successfully met a business goal or overcame a challenge working with a company’s product. Brochures Often, technical writers are called on for product brochures or online descriptions that go in to a deeper level of detail about how a product functions. Proposals Many business to business sales efforts involve a formal proposal process wherein the proposer must draw out plans and specifications for a solution in detail. Technical writers often work as part of a team to handle the more technical aspects of this writing. As you can see, the field of technical writing is broad and diverse. There are many opportunities within it for a writer who is good at working with complex information. Explore these examples and other options available, and find the area of technical writing that is best for you. What is Literary Writing? By John Oldcastle The term ‘literary writing’ calls to mind works by writers such as Shakespeare, Milton, or Wordsworth; definitive examples of all that the term implies. We instinctively associate the term with characteristics such as artistic merit, creative genius, and the expression of mankind’s noblest qualities. In this essay I will explore some of the characteristics of this kind of writing. Literary works are primarily distinguishable from other pieces of writing by their creative, or artistic intent. A piece of literature differs from a specialised treatises on astronomy, political economy, philosophy, or even history, in part because it appeals, not to a particular class of readers only, but to men and women; and in part because, while the object of the treatise is simply to impart knowledge, one ideal end of the piece of literature, whether it also imparts knowledge or not, is to yield aesthetic satisfaction by the manner of which it handles its theme. [1] The writer of this passage emphasises the distinction between writing of didactic purpose and literary writing which has that other, aesthetic, dimension. In fundamental terms literature is ‘an expression of life through the medium of language’ [2], but language used more profoundly than when used simply to convey information. The following two extracts, for example, both describing one partner’s response to marital problems, are different in both their form and their intent: Many critics date the crumbling of their  marriage back to that unfortunate episode, but David was delighted when he heard that Lynne had produced a daughter from her marriage to an American doctor. And  Her writing hand stopped. She sat still for a moment; then she slowly turned in her chair and rested her elbow on its curved back. Her face, disfigured by her emotion, was not a pretty sight as she stared at my legs and said . . [3] The first piece, from a newspaper, gives a typical tabloid account of a broken marriage. It plainly states the position of the two parties involved, (but with an attitude akin to ‘gossip’). The tone of the second piece is less factual and more descriptive. Here the writer is sets out to depict a particular scene, that of a woman distressed by the discovery of some unsavoury information concerning her husband, and employs such devices as the use of emotive words, such as ‘disfigured’, the gradual increase of dramatic tension, ‘slowly turned in her chair’, and then in the last line a humorous deflation of this tension, ‘her face . . . was not a pretty sight’. The author shows a mixture of intentions here, the structure and the use of language showing a different approach and purpose to the first piece’s straightforward account of the everyday world. In contrast to such a plain factual account – Literature is a vital record of what men have seen in life; what they have experienced of it, what they have thought and felt about those aspects of it which have the most immediate and enduring interest for all of us. [4] So literary writing, having creative and artistic intent, is more carefully structured and uses words for the rhetorical effect of their flow, their sound, and their emotive and descriptive qualities. Literary writers can also employ tone, rhyme, rhythm, irony, dialogue and its variations such as dialects and slang, and a host of other devices in the construction of a particular prose work, poem, or play. All fiction is a kind of magic and trickery, a confidence trick, trying to make people believe something is true that isn’t. And the novelist, in a particular, is trying to convince the reader that he is seeing society as a whole. [5] Literary writing is, in essence, a ‘response’, a subjective personal view which the writer expresses through his themes, ideas, thoughts, reminiscences, using his armoury of words to try to evoke, or provoke, a response in his reader. . . . it is not only a question of the  artist looking into himself but also the of his looking i nto others with the experience he has of himself. He writes with sympathy because he feels that the other man is like him. [6] In Welsh Hill Country, R. S. Thomas conveys his response to a landscape: Too far for you to see The fluke and the foot-rot and the fat maggot Gnawing the skin from the small bones, The sheep are grazing at Bwlch-y-Fedwen, Arranged romantically in the usual manner On a bleak background of bald stone. [7] Here the powerful evocation of desolation, of the stark brutality, even indifference, of the countryside is captured by Thomas through a pointed use of language which also conveys his grim mood. In contrast, Keat’s To Autumn conveys a soft, sensuous depiction of this season which captured his imagination: Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eaves run; [8] Both these extracts show a creative, imaginative response to a particular scene, and show contrasting ways in which a poet can use diction to capture his mood and provoke a reaction in the reader. Devices such as rhyme, rhythm, alliteration, and assonance combine to form a structure of mood, a structure recognisably literary. . . . apart from the precise mixture of certainty and hesitation in the poet’s mind, one of the sovereign gestures of art is to make the ideal real, and to project a dim impersonal awareness onto a structure of definite invention. [9] Literature is a process of communication, it ‘helps us to understand life’. [10] Perhaps we should also consider the motivation of the writer as a factor which distinguishes literary from other forms of writing. The writer’s motivation is the energy that pulls together the strands of his creativity in the shaping of the finished work. Ernest Hemingway gives his reasons for writing: From things that had happened and from things as they exist and from all things that you know and all those you cannot know, you make something  through your invention that is not a representation but a whole new thing truer than anything true and alive, and if you make it well enough, you give it immortality. That is why you write and for no other reason that you know of. [11] Georges Simenon puts forward the idea of therapeutic value, a search for self: I think that if a man has the urge to be an artist, it is because he needs to find himself. Every writer has to find himself through his characters, through all his writing. [12] Philip Larkin gives his reasons for writing poems as a need ‘to preserve things I have seen/thought/felt (if I may so indicate a composite and complex experience) both for myself and for others’. Here, in The Whitsun Weddings, his motive was to capture his response to a view seen from a train: As if out on the end of an event Waving goodbye To something that survived it. Struck, I leant More promptly out next time, more curiously, And saw it all again in different terms: The fathers with broad belts under their suits And seamy foreheads; mothers loud and fat; An uncle shouting smut; and then the perms, [13] The main impetus behind Edward Thomas’s No One So Much as You, is to describe his experience of love: No one so much as you Loves this my clay, Or would lament as you Its dying day [14] While the motive behind Andrew Young’s, On the Prospect of Death, is self-evident. If it should come to this You cannot wake me with a kiss Think I but sleep too late Or once again keep a cold angry state [15] Personal motivation is an essential characteristic of literary writing. It is the engine behind creativity, and the last two extracts provide examples of some of the great themes which occur again and again, not only in literary writing, but in all the arts; love, death, war, and peace. Such themes, it seems, provide perennial inspiration for artists. So perhaps an inventory of  literary writers’ motives should include the overflowing of their passions, their desire for self-expression, an abiding fascination with humanity in all its variety, the need to come to grips with relationships as they really are in the world as it really is, the striving after an ideal world which can exist only in the imagination, and, perhaps at the heart of it all, the need to form, shape, things of beauty. The artist needs to resolve conflicts within himself, to reach an understanding, to search for some credible meaning of to life, to death, to everything. He is always reaching, fumbling towar d some sort of truth; an artistic creative truth, a truth that resides in the individual artist and needs to be grasped, made real, made understandable. Perhaps in some cases the artist’s motivation could be seen as a need to create other worlds, in the way that Milton and Tolkien created other worlds, in order that they can project real conflicts onto another plane. The many different genres of the novel constitute a particular challenge to the concept of ‘literary writing’. Detective novels, and science fiction novels, for example, are creative, imaginative, depictions of life. We might question their seriousness as literature, or whether they can achieve the high ideals of art, but then we might equally well question the meaning of ‘seriousness’, and ‘the high ideals of art’. Popular novels may not deal with life’s great conflicts, or search for truth and beauty, and they may deal with the seamier side of life, or escape into the fantastic, but can they still be considered ‘literature’? Do they still make an important contribution to our understanding of the world, as ‘real’ literature does? Obviously ‘literary’ works such as Tolstoy’s War and Peace and Proust’s Remembrance of Things Pasttake as a nucleus an event, an aspect of life and construct a world around that core. They are works about real people, engaged in the real business of living. They convey knowledge, understanding, experience and are hence considered important. Yet they have in common with the detective and science fiction novel that they are books, consisting of words that have been used to express something, words that may or may not be read, and may or may not succeed in conveying an understanding of the world they depict. In my view it comes down to subjective value judgements. I believe literature is a ‘broad church’ which ought to be able to deal with any subject, and that ultimately it is individual readers, or readers en masse, who decide on the value of any particular work and on  whether or not it deserves a place in the annals of literary history. Writers aim to show us ‘the world’, but no single writer can do this, and ‘literature’ should encompass numerous different kinds of writer because each is trying to show us something which cannot be shown as a whole. Each, whether a Tolstoy or a Raymond Chandler, can only give us his own small fragment of understanding. Ultimately it is those works which endure that should be considered ‘literature’, those which have succeeded in holding firm a fragment of life, to be seen, to be read, to be understood. Perhaps we should let a writer have the last word on summing up the writers’ art: The aim of every artist is to arrest motion, which is life, by a rtificial means and hold it fixed, so that a hundred years later, when a stranger looks at it, it moves again since it is life. Since man is mortal, the only immortality possible for him is to leave something behind him that is immortal since it will always move. This is the artist’s way of scribbling ‘Kilroy was here’ on the wall of the final and irrevocable oblivion through which he must someday pass. [16] In conclusion, literary writing does embody certain distinguishing characteristics. It is a self-conscious, imaginative mode of writing which uses words not just to convey information, but as an art form. Ultimately it is a response to life. Personally, passages of outstanding literary writing such as the following, convince me that words are the highest form of expression available to mankind: CLAUDIO: Ay, but to die, and go we know not where; To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot; This sensible warm motion to become A kneaded clod; and the delighted spirit To bathe in fiery floods or to reside In thrilling region of thick-ribbed ice; To be imprisons’ in the viewless winds, And blown with restless violence round about The pendent world. Example Literary Analysis Society Suppresses Mankind’s Evil Nature The idea that mankind is inherently evil and needs society to become good is a prominent theme throughout William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies. Three of the characters that best exemplify this theme are Jack, Roger, and Ralph. Jack starts out good, but as his freedom from society grows, he becomes more and more evil. Roger, although not perfect at the beginning, becomes increasingly violent, as he puts society’s beliefs and morals out of his mind. Ralph remains good throughout the whole book but only by holding on to society and the one thing that can get him back, the signal fire. By having Jack and Roger, who have chosen to disregard the ways of society, become far more violent and evil, and by having Ralph, who still has a strong connection to society, remain good throughout the novel, Golding expresses that man is born evil and needs society to make him good.Jack demonstrates that he is truly evil many times throughout the book as his connection to society beco mes weaker. When Jack and the rest of the boys first arrive on the island, they are mostly good because the expectations of society are still very fresh in their minds. They elect Ralph as chief, and Jack does not complain too much because he assumes that some adult would get mad at him for doing so, even though there are none on the island. In other words, Jack is used to having adults around who would scold him for arguing, so he lets it slide. As the days go by, Jack’s realization grows that there is no one who can tell him what to do. When this idea fully hits Jack, he questions Ralph’s right to lead by saying, â€Å"He isn’t a proper chief†¦ He’s a coward himself† (126). Jack feels very powerful because of this realization that no one can tell him what to do, and as a result, accuses Ralph of being a bad leader and then leaves the group. Jack goes and lives on the other side of the island with some of his hunters where he maliciously kills pigs all the time. He understands no one can tell him right from wrong and so he creates a savage tribe, which almost all of the boys join. Jack is chief and is in tota l control of the tribe. He hosts terrifying feasts in which they eat pig, that they mercilessly killed, and chants things such as â€Å"Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood!† (182), as they reenact the killing  of the pig, pretending to kill one another. The fact that no one challenges Jack and his tribe’s horrible ways fuels Jack to do even more to show his power. By the end of the book Jack is at his most evil state when he orders his tribe to kill Ralph without a second thought. The twins, Sam and Eric, who were forced to become one of Jack’s savages, describe what Jack said to the tribe to Ralph: â€Å"And Ralph, Jack, the chief, says it will be dangerous ––– and we’ve got to be careful and throw our spears like at a pig† (188-189). Jack orders the tribe to kill Ralph, pretending that Ralph is a threat so that the tribe can justify its actions. By having Jack say that the tribe has to â€Å"throw our spears like at a pig†, Golding illustrates, that Jack is dehumanizing Ralph, so that the tribe will not be hesitant to kill Ralph. Jack starts out as any other kid on the island, happy, enthusiastic, and excited for the adventure that awaits them. However, Jack is one of the fir st kids to stop following society’s morals and standards, and as a result, thinks that he can do whatever he wants, even if it is obviously wrong. Because Jack stops following society’s ways, Golding implies that he reverts back to what he was born as, an evil human being.Because Roger no longer has society to suppress his evil nature, he turns extremely violent on the island. Initially, Roger’s life is still heavily influenced by society, and therefore he does not do anything morally wrong. Roger starts to feel a bit more powerful, as his connection to society weakens, but it is still strong enough to keep him from doing anything that harms others. Roger, having nothing better to do, â€Å"gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them† (62) at a younger kid named Henry. Roger does not aim to hit him, however, because â€Å"there was a space around Henry, perhaps six yards in diameter, into which he dare not throw. Here, invisible yet strong, was the taboo of the old life† (62). The phrase â€Å"the taboo of the old life† is referring to the taboo established by society that one can not harm another for no good reason. Although Roger understands that he is free from society, he cannot throw to hit Henry because the society, and therefore the taboo, is still a part of him, even if he does not realize it. If he were to hit Henry with a rock, no one would be there to scold him, but because society is so fresh in his mind, Roger feels as if he would get in trouble and, therefore, purposely misses. Roger becomes progressively violent and evil, as he gives up on society, and when he joins Jack’s tribe, he loses what  little morality he has left. When Ralph, Piggy, and the twins come to the tribe to demand Piggy’s specs back, Roger starts â€Å"throwing stones† (180) and â€Å"dropping them† (180), with â€Å"his one hand still on the lever† (180). Roger is contemplating whether or not to pull a lever that would allow a boulder to roll down the hill and, most likely, kill them. Roger is deciding if he should let them live or if he should release the boulder, and take their lives. In the end, Roger, bearing none of society’s morals or beliefs anymore, â€Å"leaned all his weight on the lever† (180), releasing the boulder and killing Piggy. Because no one punishes Roger, he continues being a horrible, violent human being and becomes the tribe’s torturer. Through losing his connection to society over the course of the novel, and as a result, becoming more and more evil, Roger illustrates how society can contain a person’s evil inner nature.Ralph remains good throughout the novel by using the signal fire as a strong link between him and society and, therefore, a link to Ralph’s goodness. Ralph is elected as chief and immediately starts to set some ground rules and stresses how important it is to get off the island by saying, â€Å"We can help them find us †¦ We must make a fire† (38). Ralph, a smart leader, knows that the most important thing is to get rescued from the island, and that a signal fire will help them achieve that goal. Later on in the book, when Jack starts to turn evil and is questioning Ralph’s leadership, Ralph continues to stand by his morals and beliefs that he still retains from society. Ralph constantly is using the signal fire and the idea of getting rescued as an argument against becoming a savage group of people. One example is when they believe that the beast is on top of the mountain and Jack foolishly says that he is going to go and kill it, but Ralph realizes that this is just distracting them from getting rescued and states, â€Å"Hasn’t anyone got any sense? We’ve got to relight that fire. You never thought of that, Jack, did you? Or don’t any of you want to be rescued?† (102). Ralph is kept moral and fair by continually bringing up the topic of the signal fire and being rescued. When Jack leaves the tribe with most of the others, Ralph, wondering how they are going to keep the fire going, ponders out loud, â€Å"We can’t keep the fire going. And they don’t care. And what’s more †¦ I don’t sometimes. Suppose I got like the others ––– not caring. What’ud become of us?â €  (139). Ralph realizes that if he gives up on the fire, like Jack and his tribe did, then he would be no better than  them, evil and violent. Ralph, although it is extremely hard, maintains his connection to society and perseveres through the difficult times. Ralph, for the entire length of the book, upholds society’s values and, as a result, never falters from being good.Golding uses the characters in the novel Lord of the Flies to conclude that if not countered by the ways of society, the true evil nature of man will reveal itself. Jack and Roger are among the first to realize that they are free of society, and in turn, they turn evil. Ralph holds on to society and its morals, allowing him to continue being good. Jack and Roger are used to demonstrate that without society man will revert back to its evil nature, and Ralph is used to illustrate that as long as man is still connected with society, he will remain a good human being. The concept that mankind’s innate dispositions are evil and that it needs society to be good is a bit exaggerated in the novel, considering that two boys were murdered and most of the boys turned very sadistic. However, there are still many examples of this theme in the real world, ranging in severity. The most explicit example is law enforcement, which will punish a criminal, by prison or other means, if they do anything illegal or against the formal rules of society. Some people will hurt, steal, and even kill for certain reasons because they have some evil tendencies, but law enforcement and society’s rules keeps many people from doing so because they know the consequences. A more basic example of this idea that society keeps people good, is a person’s own life. A person grows up with friends and family who have a certain set of morals and standards that greatly impact one’s decisions. From a young age, a child is taught not to tease, harm, or steal from other people by his family and friends. A young child, until about age four, will not listen to the adults but instead will do whatever they want to do, even if it is evil, because the child has not had enough time to understand what is acceptable in society. Once the child starts to grasp the idea of society’s expectations, through maturity and discipline, the child can then act appropriately in society and, consequently, be a good human being. As long as the child and people in general, are influenced by society, their evil inner nature will not be revealed. 5 New Year’s Resolutions for Writers By: Rachel Sheller | January 1, 2013 A new year, a new writerly you. New Year’s Day is a time for reflecting on the past year while thinking about the goals, wishes, and hopes for the new year ahead. What does this mean for your writing goals? Maybe 2013 is the year you finish your novel. Maybe it’s the year you commit to a sustainable writing habit. Or maybe it’s the year you get published. To start the New Year right, here are five resolutions you can make to improve your writing, focus yourself, and achieve your publishing goals. Pick one to start, or dive in with all five. The result will be the best writing year you’ve had yet. 1. I resolve to †¦ make time for writing. Writers hear this all the time: If you want results, you have to apply butt to chair and just †¦ write. But it isn’t that simple, is it? Most of us have jobs, kids, chores, and other outside interests that take away from our writing time, and there are only 24 hours in the day. And most of us also need to sleep. But there’s always time to write. Excuses are easy to make (and there are many responsibilities to which we must attend) but most, if not all of us, have at least one hour of quiet time a day to devote to our writing. Think about it this way: If you’re able to write even 500 words in an hour, and you write for one hour a day, you’ll have written about 15,000 words in a month. And even if only 50% of those words are usable, if you keep up the habit for a year, you’ll have written 90,000 words. And that, my friend, is a novel. And don’t think that writing time means just typing words–any words–into a blank Word docume nt. Outlining, research, and writing exercises are also great ways to spend your writing time, because they are moving you toward your writing goals. 2. I resolve to †¦ embrace my personal writing style. We’ve heard the debate for years. It’s probably spanned millenia. The debate to which I refer, is, of course, that of outliners vs. â€Å"pantsers.† Whether you consider yourself an Outliner or a Pantser (non-outliner) doesn’t matter. What does matter is that you fully embrace your method of writing. There is merit to both styles, and there are pitfalls, too. Knowing the pros and cons of both camps of thought will aid your writing. (And if you haven’t decided whether you’re more of a planner or a non-planner, I encourage you to try both methods and see which one you prefer.) Outliners are often more  organized, but their rigid structures sometimes get in the way of lightning rod flashes of creativity. Their works often need less major editing or structural work (but not always!) and they tend to â€Å"know where they’re going† from the first page to the last. Pantsers are much freer in their writing methodology, preferring to â€Å"make it up as they go† rather than adhere to a strict outline that they write ahead of time. They often find surprises as they write, and they also tend to feel less inclined to â€Å"stick to a plan† †¦ because they don’t necessarily have one. Their works sometimes suffer structurally, or meander in places where they didn’t know how to further the plot, but they are also often incredibly innovative and creative. I’ll say it again: There is nothing wrong with being either a Pantser or an Outliner. Both will get the job done. Wherever you fall in the spectrum, be aware of both the advantages and disadvantages of your method, and work accordingly. 3. I resolve to †¦ self-edit as I write. Don’t confuse self-editing with that niggling voice of doubt in your head that screams What the heck are you doing?! There’s no feasible way that will work! Do yourself a favor and silence that voice right now. Self-editing is different. It’s a method of revising as you write in order to produce a cleaner manuscript that requires less revision on the back end. It prevents larger structural issues later on, as well as issues of characterization, plot, and pacing. While it does slow down your writing output, the result is a better and clearer first draft that will have fewer problems to solve during revision. While you can learn bits and pieces about self-editing on this site (such as this post on 4 great ways to revise as you write), no one instructs this method better and more fully than James Scott Bell. If you’re resolving to self-edit more efficiently in 2013, Revision and Self-Editing for Publication, 2nd Edition has all you need to know about the self -editing process. 4. I resolve to †¦step outside my comfort zone. Some of us are fiction writers and aspiring novelists. Some of us are memoirists. Some of us are freelancers. Some of us are a combination of all of these, in varying degrees. But all of us have a comfort zone, and if we stay within it too long, we risk stagnation. So resolve to step outside of your comfort zone. Experiment with styles and voices that you’re not used  to. Emulate authors that you don’t normally read. Read books that you wouldn’t normally pick up off the shelf. If you’re strictly a fiction writer, branch out into the world of freelance articles, where science and special interest articles provide great fodder for new stories. Or, if you’re a nonfiction writer, study plot, structure, voice, and pacing, all of which will help you write tightly wound, concise pieces with distinct tones. My point is that we all get stuck in a rut from time to time. Actively finding ways to get unstuck is the mark of a great writer. 5. I resolve to †¦ call myself a writer. This may be the most important resolution you make for 2013. You may consider yourself a writer; you may not. You may think you just dabble in this stuff, and that it may work out for you in the end, but maybe not. But writing isn’t a short journey, at least not for most of us. It’s a lifetime of work. It’s often hinged on the culmination of sweat, blood, and tears. It takes a tremendous amount of effort to reap rewards, and it’s a bit of a cruel mistress, too. Start calling yourself a writer. Then ask yourself why. Acknowledging your writerly status is one thing; living it is another. One of my favorite musings on why we choose to be writers comes from Larry Brooks, in his book Story Engineering. I encourage you to print it out, tape it into your writing journal, and flip to it from time to time, especially when you’re feeling discouraged. Remind yourself why you’re a writer, and why you call yourself one. It will be a tremendous help in the 365 days ahead, and beyond. We are lucky. Very lucky. We are writers. Sometimes that may seem more curse than blessing, and others may not regard what we do with any more esteem or respect than mowing a lawn. To an outsider this can appear to be a hobby, or maybe a dream that eludes most. But if that’s how they view you, they aren’t paying enough attention. If you are a writer–and you are if you actually write–you are already living the dream. Because the primary reward of writing comes from within, and you don’t need to get published or sell your screenplay to access it. †¦Whatever we write, we are reaching out. We are declaring that we are not alone on this planet, and that we have something to share, something to say. Our writing survives us, even if nobody ever reads a word of it. Because we have  given back, we have reflected our truth. We have mattered.